History of the Qur’an and Vedas | कुरान और वेद का इतिहास

Muslims believe that the Qur’an is the last and final divine revelation revealed by Allah the Almighty through the Angel Jibreel (peace be upon him) to the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessing be upon him) for the guidance of entire mankind and Jinn.
The text of the Qur’an has been transmitted by such a huge number of Muslims in every period that is impossible to agree upon false or lies. Such as the truth in the existence of a mountain in the borders of India named Himalaya, many of us never saw it and never travelled to it by himself, but everyone of us believe in its existence without any doubt because a large number of people from various countries who collectively cannot be liars have informed us of its presence. And the same is in the case of transmission of the Glorious Qur’an.

Transmission of the Qur’an over Centuries

The text of the Glorious Qur’an has been preserved since its first revelation during 610 A.D. in two important traditional forms; 1- by memorizing every verse and 2- by writing them on the available objects, like: skins of the goats, pieces of the stones, saddle woods, bone tablets, leaves, branches and trunks etc..
After the revelation was complete and the last verses were revealed near the death of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) nine or eighty days before his death in 632 A.D. the all written objects were collected and combined under the supervision of four divinely guided Caliphs of Islam beside the other companions who writers of the revelation.

Originality of Religious Scriptures

It is not an exaggeration to say that Islam is distinguished among the religions of the world with preserving the text of the Glorious Qur’an in its original form without changing or altering even a single letter, word, sentence or its structure. This characteristic is unique and matchless when compared with the text of other major religions of the world: Jainism, Buddhism, Hinduism, Judaism and Christianity, or any religion in the world; as none of their original manuscripts are preserved till now except the Glorious Qur’an.
It is not an exaggeration to say that no major religions of the world posses copies of their holy scriptures that were written at their beginning, or in the lifetime of its founder or initiator. There is another manuscript of the Glorious preserved in the Mosque of Hussain in Cairo, Egypt. The manuscript was drafted by the companion, the son in law of the Prophet (peace be upon him), the third rightly guided of the caliphs of Islam `Uthman ibn `Affan (may Allah be pleased with him) (579—656 A.D.)

One of the Oldest Manuscripts of Qur’an

The portions of Qur’an could be from the very first complete version of the Qur’an, compiled and combined by the order of the first Caliph of Islam, Abu Bakr As-Siddiq (573 – 634 A.D.), a companion of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him).
The pieces in Birmingham date back at least to 1,370 years and were once held in Egypt’s oldest mosque, the Mosque of `Amr ibn Al-`As in Cairo.
What was really surprising about the Birmingham discovery was its early date, with radiocarbon testing putting it between 568 A.D. and 645 A.D..
The latest date in the range is 13 years after the death of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) in 632 A.D..

Similarities between Vedas and Qur’an

Muslims believe that the Glorious Qur’an is word of Allah the Almighty, received by the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), sometimes, the angel Jibreel (peace be upon him) was a mediator in conveying the divine words to the Prophet and sometimes it was revealed to the heart of the Prophet (peace be upon him) directly, and then the Prophet (peace be upon him) asked one of the writers to record them and write down and after that and before they leave, he asked to read them and

correct them if there was any mistake.
On the other hand, the Hindus believe that the texts were received directly from God by some ancient Hindu spiritual guides who are called Rishis and Munees and passed it on to the next generations by word of mouth.
Vedic texts are sometimes called shruti, which means hearing. For hundreds, maybe even thousands of years, the texts were passed on orally.
In light of the above-mentioned information, both religions are similar in believing that Vedas and Qur’an are from God and that both are words of God. However, the Qur’an is distinct from Vedas that the Qur’an has been recorded and written down and was memorized by the Prophet Muhammad and his companions whilst Vedas were transmitted only orally.

Transmission of Ancient Hindu Scriptures

The Hindu scriptures are of two kinds: Shruti (the heard ones) that have been passed in oral form from previous generations to later generations.
The four Vedas fall under the section of Shruti. However, authentic and reliable ancient manuscripts of Vedas are absent.
According to the historians, Rigveda was not recorded until the Gupta period (4th to 6th centuries A.D.). And the oral transmission was the only way for its continuation to the next generation.

Are Vedas Eternal?

Some Hindus claim that their Sanatana Dharma is eternal and divine, therefore, in Hinduism; Vedas do not have a beginning. The Vedas are considered beginning-less.
However, this opinion cannot be logically true, and no matter how long it is but everything must have a beginning, there is nothing timeless and eternal. The only being that is beyond the time and space is Allah the Almighty who is only one eternal and ageless and everything else has a beginning and an end.
Vedas have been transmitted through oral traditions. So, the written manuscripts probably date to 14th-15th century. Maximum would be around the 11th-12th century probably, and it is very hard to find readable ancient manuscripts in general, let alone the manuscripts of Vedas.

The Manuscripts of Vedas

One of the existing dogmas, that existed earlier too, was that Vedas should not be written down; it has to be orally passed down. That might be also one of the reasons that you won’t find a written manuscript and most of the Vedas are lost.
Some Hindus believe that Vedas were not composed. They were given by Vyasa avatar of God to three disciples; one part to each.

What are Shruti and Smriti?

Smṛiti literally means the text that is remembered, referring to a specific body of Hindu religious scripture and is a codified component of Hindu customary law. Smṛiti also denotes non-Shruti texts and is generally seen as secondary in authority to Shruti.
Apart from terminology, there is a similar classification in Islamic theology. There is a group of Islamic issues that depends on the evidence from Qur’an; the words of Allah the Almighty and the saying of His Messenger (peace be upon him) such as the Paradise and Hellfire and their detailed disruptions.
In Islamic literature, there are two types of sciences, the heard and narrated like the Qur’an and Sunnah and mental science like the Islamic jurisprudence that refers to those Islamic rulings that have been derived from the Qur’an and Hadith. Thus, the Qur’an and Sunnah are like Shruti and Fiqh is like Smirti.

Conclusion

After acknowledging that Vedas and other Hindu sacred scriptures in general were based solely on oral transmission and verbal tradition without writing and recording them, it must be recognized that such transmission is surely subject to loss, subtraction, addition and alteration by each narrator to his next, making it difficult to purify and refine the addition from the original. This conclusion is based on the following observations:
First: Oral transmission even nowadays is not free from error and mistake; we see when the poems of poets in Hindi and Urdu are quoted or referred, a lot of changes happen. Sometimes, a word is altered with another word having the similar meaning. And sometimes, a word is changed with another word that changes the meaning and idea.
Second: Sometimes, if the narrator or reporter is a poet and composes some of his own poems in the same subject and content and on the same poetic meter and rhyme and read with the sacred divine poem, in this case, it is impossible for the later transmitters to differentiate between the original and addition. Surely, the addition will become a part of its original over time.
It is not a matter of one decade or two, one century or two, rather, it is the matter of tens of centuries and you can imagine the possibility of additions and omissions in the light of these circumstances.
Third: I am not sure if the Vedas were memorized entirely, from the beginning to the end by the Hindu priests or they just memorized what they needed in prayers and special occasions.
The case with the Glorious Qur’an is totally different where all Muslims participate in memorizing some of the short chapters of the Qur’an for their prayers and supplications.
However, there are a large number of memorizers all over the world who have memorized the entire Qur’an, from its beginning to end. And this characteristic is not available in the Vedas.
Fourth: It is also noteworthy that the recitation and understanding of Vedas were not allowed to all Indians, but there was severe punishment to anyone who tries to read, recite or listen to the Holy Scripture. And this is also one of the most important factors of distortion and alteration and reduction and addition in Vedas over the time. This is unlike the Glorious Qur’an, as it never was specific with caste, group, society or nation, rather, it was shared by everyone, and the recitation of the Qur’an was and is the right of every human-being on the globe and this can be clearly seen in the month of Ramadan, fasting month for Muslims in Taraweeh.

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मुसलमान मानते हैं कि कुरान अंतिम और अंतिम दिव्य रहस्योद्घाटन है, जो अल्लाह द्वारा सर्वशक्तिमान ने एन्जिल जिब्राएल (शांति के द्वारा) पैगंबर मुहम्मद (शांति और आशीष दे) के द्वारा संपूर्ण मानव जाति और जिन्ना के मार्गदर्शन के लिए प्रकट किया था।कुरान का पाठ ऐसे हर समय मुसलमानों की इतनी बड़ी संख्या में फैलता है कि झूठे या झूठ पर सहमत होना असंभव है। जैसे हिमालय नाम की भारत की सीमाओं में एक पहाड़ी के अस्तित्व में सच्चाई के रूप में, हममें से कई ने कभी इसे कभी नहीं देखा और स्वयं इसे कभी भी यात्रा नहीं की, लेकिन हम सभी को इसके बिना किसी संदेह के अस्तित्व में विश्वास है क्योंकि बड़ी संख्या में लोग विभिन्न देश जो सामूहिक रूप से झूठे नहीं हो सकते हैं हमें अपनी उपस्थिति के बारे में बताया है। और यह शानदार कुरान के संचरण के मामले में है।शताब्दी पर कुरान का संचरणशानदार कुरान का पाठ अपने पहले रहस्योद्घाटन के बाद से संरक्षित किया गया है, जबकि दो महत्वपूर्ण पारंपरिक रूपों में 610 ई। 1- प्रत्येक कविता को याद करके और 2- उन्हें उपलब्ध वस्तुओं पर लिखकर, जैसे: बकरियों की खाल, पत्थरों के टुकड़े, काठी की जंगल, हड्डी की गोलियां, पत्ते, शाखाएं और चड्डी आदि।रहस्योद्घाटन पूरा होने के बाद और आखिरी छंद 632 ईस्वी में पैगंबर मुहम्मद (शांति के बाद) की मौत के करीब 9 या अस्सी दिन की मौत के करीब पहुंच गए थे। सभी लिखित वस्तुओं को एकत्र किया गया था और चार दैवीय निर्देशित खलीफा अन्य सहयोगियों के बगल में इस्लाम का जो रहस्योद्घाटन के लेखक थेधार्मिक शास्त्रों की मौलिकतायह कहना अतिशयोक्ति नहीं है कि इस्लाम को दुनिया के धर्मों के बीच अलग-अलग माना जाता है ताकि शानदार कुरान के पाठ को अपने मूल रूप में बनाए रखा जा सके, बिना एक पत्र, शब्द, वाक्य या इसकी संरचना को बदलने या बदलने के बिना। जैन धर्म, बौद्ध धर्म, हिंदू धर्म, यहूदी और ईसाई धर्म, या दुनिया के किसी भी धर्म के अन्य प्रमुख धर्मों के पाठ की तुलना में यह विशेषता अद्वितीय और अतुलनीय है; क्योंकि उनकी मूल पांडुलिपियों में से कोई भी अब तक शानदार कुरान को छोड़कर संरक्षित नहीं है।यह कहना अतिशयोक्ति नहीं है कि दुनिया के कोई भी प्रमुख धर्म उनके पवित्र ग्रंथों की प्रतियां नहीं हैं जो उनकी शुरुआत में, या इसके संस्थापक या आरंभकर्ता के जीवनकाल में लिखे गए थे। काहिरा, मिस्र में हुसैन के मस्जिद में संरक्षित शानदार का एक और पांडुलिपि है। पांडुलिपि, साथी द्वारा मुहैया कराया गया था, पैगंबर के बेटे (शांति उस पर हो), तीसरे ने इस्लाम के खलीफाओं के 'उथमान इब्न' अफान (अल्लाह के साथ प्रसन्न हो सकता है) का सही तरीके से मार्गदर्शन किया (57 9 -656 एडी।)कुरान की सबसे पुरानी पांडुलिपियों में से एककुरान का अंश कुरान के पहले ही पूर्ण संस्करण से हो सकता है, जिसे संकलित और इस्लाम के पहले खलीफा, अबू बकर अस-सिद्दीक (573-634 ईस्वी) के आदेश से, पैगंबर के साथी अल्लाह की रहमत नबी पर बनी रहे)।बर्मिंघम में टुकड़े कम से कम 1,370 साल तक हुए हैं और एक बार मिस्र की सबसे पुरानी मस्जिद में, काहिरा में `इमर इब्न अल 'के मस्जिद का आयोजन किया गया था।बर्मिंघम खोज के बारे में वास्तव में आश्चर्यजनक बात यह थी कि रेडियोधर्बन परीक्षण 568 एडी और 645 एडी के बीच डालने के साथ ही इसकी शुरुआती तारीख थी।रेंज में नवीनतम तारीख 1332 में पैगम्बर मुहम्मद (शांति की मृत्यु के बाद) 632 ई में हुई।वेद और कुरान के बीच समानताएंमुसलमानों का मानना ​​है कि शानदार कुरान अल्लाह का शब्द सर्वशक्तिमान है, पैगंबर मुहम्मद (शांति उस पर हो) द्वारा प्राप्त किया गया था, कभी-कभी, दूत जीबेल (शांति उस पर होता है) पैगंबर को दिव्य शब्दों को संदेश देने में मध्यस्थ था और कभी-कभी पैगंबर के दिल में सीधे तौर पर पता चला था, और तब पैगंबर (शांति ने) उन लेखकों से एक को लिखने और लिखने और उसके बाद और उसके बाद जाने से पहले पूछा, उन्होंने पूछा अगर उन्हें कोई गलती हो, तो उन्हें पढ़ें और उन्हें ठीक करेंदूसरी ओर, हिंदुओं का मानना ​​है कि कुछ प्राचीन हिंदू आध्यात्मिक गाइडों द्वारा सीधे भगवान से प्राप्त हुए थे, जिन्हें ऋषियों और मूनेस कहा जाता है और इसे अगली पीढ़ी तक मुंह के शब्द से पारित कर दिया है।वैदिक ग्रंथों को कभी-कभी श्रुति कहा जाता है, जिसका अर्थ है सुनवाई। सैकड़ों के लिए, शायद हजारों साल भी, पाठ को मौखिक रूप से पारित किया गया थाउपर्युक्त जानकारी के प्रकाश में, दोनों धर्मों का मानना ​​है कि वेद और कुरान ईश्वर के हैं और दोनों ही ईश्वर के शब्द हैं। हालांकि, कुरान वेदों से अलग है कि कुरान को दर्ज किया गया है और लिखा गया है और वे पैगंबर मुहम्मद और उसके साथी द्वारा याद करते हुए वेद केवल मौखिक रूप से प्रेषित किए गए थेप्राचीन हिंदू शास्त्रों का संचलनहिंदू शास्त्र दो प्रकार के होते हैं: श्रुति (सुनाई गई), जो पिछली पीढ़ियों से बाद के पीढ़ियों तक मौखिक रूप में पारित हो चुके हैं।श्रुति के खंड में चार वेद गिरते हैं। हालांकि, वेदों की प्रामाणिक और विश्वसनीय प्राचीन हस्तलिखित अनुपस्थित हैं।इतिहासकारों के अनुसार, ऋग्वेद को गुप्त अवधि (4 से 6 वीं शताब्दी ए.डी.) तक दर्ज नहीं किया गया था। और मौखिक ट्रांसमिशन अपने कंटी के लिए एकमात्र तरीका था