The fourth pillar of Islam is sawm (i.e. fasting). Allah prescribed fasting upon every able and adult Muslim during the whole of the month of Ramadan, the ninth month of the lunar calendar.
Exempted from the fast are the very old and the insane. On the physical side, fasting starts from the light of dawn to sundown. One has to abstain from food, drink and sexual relations. On the moral, behavioral side, one must abstain from lying, malicious gossip, quarreling and trivial nonsense.
Those who are sick, elderly or on a journey, and women who are menstruating, pregnant or nursing are permitted to break their fast, but they have to make up for the missed fast days later. In case of the physically unable persons, they have to feed a needy person for each day missed. Children should be trained on fasting and observing the prayers. By attaining puberty, fasting becomes a must.
Although fasting is beneficial to the health, it is regarded principally as a method of self-purification. By cutting oneself off from worldly pleasures and comforts, even for a short time, the fasting person gains true sympathy for those who go hungry regularly, and achieves growth in his spiritual life, learning discipline, self-restraint, patience and flexibility.
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In the second year of Hijrah, Muslims were commanded to fast in the month of Ramadan every year.
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